By Jason Estep

There have been many strides made in firefighting technology in the past 100 years.

At the beginning of the 20th century, firefighting equipment consisted of a steam-powered piston pump pulled to the scene of a fire by a team of horses. Once the apparatus arrived on scene, some type of water source had to be secured to effectively fight the fire. Modern day apparatus have evolved into high-horsepower, high-volume pumping machines that have tremendous advantages over earlier apparatus. However, one thing remains the same: Once arriving on scene, a water source still has to be established to properly extinguish the fire.

Drafting Operations

Since the majority of the United States is rural, many communities are not blessed with water systems, and if they are, they are often weak systems. Regardless of the reason for a feeble water supply, the fire department is still charged with the responsibility of properly controlling fires within its community. This has caused most fire departments in rural America to depend on streams, ponds, lakes, rivers, etc. to provide water for firefighting operations. The only problem is to get it from the source to the fire. To do this, tanker shuttle operations are set up. A tanker shuttle consists of individual trucks, usually with large tanks, transporting water from point A to point B.

1 A vacuum tanker can effectively obtain water at the closest source without the need for a fill site pumper and with minimal personnel. (Photo courtesy of Firovac.)

The flow rate of a tanker shuttle depends on two variables: dump time and fill time. The Insurance Services Office (ISO) formula for travel time in a two-mile shuttle is a constant 35 miles per hour. To increase flow rates, departments began trying to lower the fill and dump time. Lowering the dump rate was easily accomplished by placing 10-inch Newton gravity dumps on trucks. The problem is you cannot dump what you have not first loaded. To decrease fill times, large quantities of personnel, hose, and at least one 1,250-gallon-per-minute (gpm) pumper must be committed to fill a tanker. As a rule of thumb, the fill site pumper will only be operating at 70 percent efficiency. Combine that with the fact that most conventional tankers have only one 2½-inch direct tank fill, and you can see the difficulty in reducing fill times. Now, examine the number of personnel needed to fill the conventional tankers. You must have a fill site pump operator; at least one person per tanker (in a large shuttle) to connect the hoses; one person tending to portable pumps/drafting operations; a driver for each tanker; and, in a large shuttle, more fill site pumpers to reduce wait time.

Next, let’s examine the setup time for a fill site operation. A drafting operation has to be set up, whether it is directly from a water source or from a dump tank being supplied by portable pumps. If portables are used, crews must take time to set them at the water source, stretch the lines, and get the dump tank set. Once the drafting operation is established, personnel must lay out fill lines along with any adapters or appliances needed to fill each tanker in the shuttle. This all has to be done when the attack crews are fighting the fire and needing the water the most: at the beginning. There is no doubt that after everything is set up, with enough personnel and trucks to establish an efficient shutt

By Jason Estep

There have been many strides made in firefighting technology in the past 100 years.

At the beginning of the 20th century, firefighting equipment consisted of a steam-powered piston pump pulled to the scene of a fire by a team of horses. Once the apparatus arrived on scene, some type of water source had to be secured to effectively fight the fire. Modern day apparatus have evolved into high-horsepower, high-volume pumping machines that have tremendous advantages over earlier apparatus. However, one thing remains the same: Once arriving on scene, a water source still has to be established to properly extinguish the fire.

Drafting Operations

Since the majority of the United States is rural, many communities are not blessed with water systems, and if they are, they are often weak systems. Regardless of the reason for a feeble water supply, the fire department is still charged with the responsibility of properly controlling fires within its community. This has caused most fire departments in rural America to depend on streams, ponds, lakes, rivers, etc. to provide water for firefighting operations. The only problem is to get it from the source to the fire. To do this, tanker shuttle operations are set up. A tanker shuttle consists of individual trucks, usually with large tanks, transporting water from point A to point B.

1 A vacuum tanker can effectively obtain water at the closest source without the need for a fill site pumper and with minimal personnel. (Photo courtesy of Firovac.)

The flow rate of a tanker shuttle depends on two variables: dump time and fill time. The Insurance Services Office (ISO) formula for travel time in a two-mile shuttle is a constant 35 miles per hour. To increase flow rates, departments began trying to lower the fill and dump time. Lowering the dump rate was easily accomplished by placing 10-inch Newton gravity dumps on trucks. The problem is you cannot dump what you have not first loaded. To decrease fill times, large quantities of personnel, hose, and at least one 1,250-gallon-per-minute (gpm) pumper must be committed to fill a tanker. As a rule of thumb, the fill site pumper will only be operating at 70 percent efficiency. Combine that with the fact that most conventional tankers have only one 2½-inch direct tank fill, and you can see the difficulty in reducing fill times. Now, examine the number of personnel needed to fill the conventional tankers. You must have a fill site pump operator; at least one person per tanker (in a large shuttle) to connect the hoses; one person tending to portable pumps/drafting operations; a driver for each tanker; and, in a large shuttle, more fill site pumpers to reduce wait time.

Next, let’s examine the setup time for a fill site operation. A drafting operation has to be set up, whether it is directly from a water source or from a dump tank being supplied by portable pumps. If portables are used, crews must take time to set them at the water source, stretch the lines, and get the dump tank set. Once the drafting operation is established, personnel must lay out fill lines along with any adapters or appliances needed to fill each tanker in the shuttle. This all has to be done when the attack crews are fighting the fire and needing the water the most: at the beginning. There is no doubt that after everything is set up, with enough personnel and trucks to establish an efficient shutt

Robert Tutterow

Full disclosure: I am not a big fan of how most of the North American fire and emergency services provide personal protection from the neck up.

Specifically, this includes protection of the head during nonfire activities - which is the bulk of our responses. Eye and face protection is extremely void of any defined or standard design application for nonstructural responses. This month’s column is intended to give you and the collective fire and emergency services something to think about.

National Survey

To underscore this disclosure, a national survey (6,655 respondents) conducted earlier this year revealed that 61 percent of firefighters use eye and face protection that is not provided with their helmet. Of those 61 percent, safety glasses were used by 83 percent of those respondents. There is minimal use of face shields and/or goggles that come with helmets. How can I say that? During FDIC International, I paid particular attention to the videos of the H.O.T. training evolutions that occurred on the days before the general sessions. And, I studied the hundreds of photos that lined the walls in the long corridor between the Convention Center and the Lucas Oil Stadium. With several hundred examples, I found only one occurrence of helmet-provided eye protection being deployed. Almost without fail, firefighters had chosen to disregard the face shields, flip-downs, and goggles that come with helmets. In fact, a significant number of firefighters were wearing helmets without any eye/face protection. What were they using? Safety glasses. Safety glasses provide far superior protection over the ineffective protection provided with helmet-supplied face and eye protection. They are form fitting, may be sunglasses, and may have corrective lenses. NOTE: For structural firefighting, the self-contained breathing apparatus face piece, combined with a hood, provides excellent eye and face protection.

Are there better alternatives? Perhaps. Many fire departments have already adopted a policy of issuing two sets of turnout gear to its members. Other departments are aggressively seeking funding to do likewise. Typically, the second set consists of a turnout coat, turnout pants, a hood, and maybe a pair of gloves. Rarely is a second set of boots or a helmet issued. Since this topic is titled “From the Neck Up,” boots will not be discussed.

However, there might be a slightly different approach to issuing a second helmet. That approach is to offer only one structural helmet but then offer another multipurpose helmet. But first, why issue only one structural helmet? Because the need for a structural helmet for actual fire suppression is not nearly as high as the need for head, face, and eye protection for nonactive firefighting activities. One structural helmet should suffice if the helmet has a removable head band that could be easily cleaned or if each member were offered a second headband. Cleaning a helmet outershell is not that complicated and typically does not require any special equipment.

A Multipurpose Helmet

The thought of a multipurpose helmet occurred to me when I had a chance to participate in the Scottish Fire and Rescue Services Symposium in Glasgow this past May. The sponsors of the Symposium were allotted tabletop displays. One of the tables displayed a helmet that was designed for urban search and rescue (USAR), paramedic, and water rescue. The only nonstructural application it did not cover was wildland firefighting. Perhaps it could be redesigned or modified for wildland.

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