By Carl J. Haddon
In my rural Fire District, we have exactly one hydrant (dry) in a 240-square-mile response area. During the majority of the year, that doesn’t pose a terrible challenge as we are blessed with many ponds, streams, creeks, and the mighty Salmon River to draft water from. Our frozen winters create a whole new ball game as our water sources all freeze over, or freeze to the point where accessing the water in them is beyond hazardous to firefighters and apparatus alike.
Tenders and tankers help, but we all know that these fire apparatus are also limited in their effectiveness by their ability to access water to refill. Also creating a potential challenge is the determination of how badly given fire apparatus leak. (I know—fire engines don’t leak) By the way, if your department has one or more of those trucks that don’t leak but somehow flow water onto the ground when they’re not supposed to, now is the time of year to do what you can to stem those flows.
I’ve heard a number of rural departments considering turning to compressed-air foam systems (CAFS) to help stretch their water. I’m not expressly opposed to CAFS or the use of foam, however, National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 11, Standard for Low-, Medium-, and High-Expansion Foam, tells us that foam is not suggested or recommended for use on three-dimensional fires, or on things like flowing fuel fires. If you’re going “by the book” and trying to follow NFPA standards, foams are then relegated to horizontal flat-surfaced fires, like airport runways. Foam certainly has its place, but remember what its capabilities are. For those on tighter budgets, also remember that once a jug of protein based foam is opened, it’s shot. My department also has a CAFS, but we’ve found it doesn’t get used enough to retain proficiency, and the time it takes for the volunteers to get it spun up for use is excessive.
While doing research for an article for my other column “To the Rescue,” I learned about rural fire departments batch mixing an encapsulator agent into their apparatus’ tanks and having enormous success with virtually instant knockdown and incredible burn back (rekindle) resistance. These departments tell me that using an encapsulator agent is like having “additional resources and manpower” in a five gallon jug. With this info in mind, I started doing a bit more research. I have used an encapsulator agent since the late 1990s, but my application was almost exclusively confined to major motorsport and super-speedway racing events.
What I learned about today’s encapsulator agents surprised me. Encapsulator agents are not Class A or Class B foam. They are not foam at all. Although listed in NFPA 18A, Standard on Water Additives for Fire Control and Vapor Mitigation, in the class of wetting agent, there is verbiage and specific criteria and field tests within the standard that separate encapsulator agents from wetting agents and foams. Albeit really interesting, there isn’t enough room in this column to explain the science and chemistry that explains how encapsulator agents work. I can tell you that fire department apparatus in Germany and throughout other parts of Europe have been required to use encapsulator agent for some time now and do so with fantastic success. I will follow this article up