VIDEO: Astronauts want to light it up on the moon — for science. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration, as part of its Artemis program, is planning to conduct combustion experiments on the lunar surface to better understand how fire operates outside of Earth.
Think of a lit match. On Earth, the flame has a distinct, upward teardrop shape. This happens due to gravity, with hotter air rising, creating the yellow trail as it burns up. In space, a flame instead takes on the shape of a blue sphere, representing a slower, cooler burn, referred to as a “cool flame.”
NASA’s prior combustion experiments on the International Space Station showed that fire behaves differently in space. The microgravity on the ISS is about 90% of Earth’s gravity (known mathematically as 1g). The gravity on the moon is about 16.667% of 1g, meaning the moon’s gravity is one-sixth that of Earth’s gravity.
With such low but stable gravity, we can expect flames on the moon not to behave as they would on Earth. The burn rate in lunar gravity is sometimes referred to as a “Goldilocks zone” for studying combustion, due to flames lasting longer than they usually do.
Another difference between fire on Earth and in space is what’s left behind. With a normal lit flame, carbon dioxide and water are produced, but once the visible, yellow flame is gone, the cool, blue flame produces carbon monoxide and formaldehyde.
The lunar experiment is called Flammability of Materials on the Moon, or FM2. It would be the “first-ever combustion experiment to be performed on another planetary body” and marks “a critical step in determining material flammability and safety for future missions,” according to NASA.
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