Robert Tutterow

In June 2014, the Fire Industry Equipment Research Organization (F.I.E.R.O.) held its inaugural Fire PPE Workshop, dedicated to PPE care and maintenance and NFPA 1851, Standard on Selection, Care and Maintenance of Protective Ensembles for Structural Firefighting and Proximity Firefighting. It provided a clear indication of the intricacies of a total care program for PPE. On the surface, it all seems so simple. After all, what is there to cleaning something? As it turns out, firefighting PPE is a very complex assemblage of components that requires specialized approaches for care.

Certified to Inspect and Clean

Addison (TX) Fire Department Engineer/Paramedic Tim Tomlinson-also vice president of Gear Cleaning Solutions and chair of the NFPA's task group on PPE cleaning-provided an overview of how personnel should inspect and clean PPE. He showed how to inspect and test moisture barriers for leakage and showed how a simple light test can determine if the thermal barrier has breaches that are not visible in ordinary light conditions. Of particular interest was his emphasis on understanding how to use washer extractors, drying systems, and cleaning agents. Many fire departments have purchased washer extractors from a local dealer who, while well-intentioned, has no idea how to program the machines for firefighting PPE cleaning or the appropriate cleaning agents to use.

Pam Kavalesky, senior project engineer with Intertek Testing Services, explained certification, verification, and verified independent service providers (ISPs). NFPA 1851 defines an ISP as, "An independent service provider verified by a third-party certification organization to conduct any one or a combination of advanced inspection, advanced cleaning, basic repair, or advanced repair service." She explained the responsibilities of who can do what. For example, the user (firefighter) can only perform routine inspection and routine cleaning. The manufacturer-verified ISP, verified organization, and organization (fire department) can perform advanced inspection, complete liner inspection, advanced cleaning and decontamination, and basic repair. However, for advanced repair, only the manufacturer, verified ISP, and verified organization can perform this service. Fire departments are not provided this leeway unless the department is verified. As of this writing, the Fort Worth (TX) Fire Department is the only verified fire department in the United States. Last, but not least, only the manufacturer or a verified ISP can provide PPE care and maintenance training to a fire department. The process of becoming a third-party certifying agency or a verifying agency involves in-depth quality control measures.

Modifying PPE

Of particular interest to the Texas audience was a presentation by Bob Manley, Region 4 Compliance Officer for the Texas Commission on Fire Protection, which enforces NFPA 1851 compliance. The Commission primarily looks for cleanliness, damage, and modifications. One of the issues often overlooked in PPE care and maintenance is modification, or add-ons, to PPE. Any modifications to any element of PPE must have the manufacturer's

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By Raul A. Angulo

If you're in the habit of constantly "notionalizing" scenarios, especially when it comes to wearing all your structural firefighting ensemble, including self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA), then you're doing a disservice to your crew and not preparing them for the battle.

Realistic training in acquired structures is not an easy task to accomplish, especially for live fire training. But if you're lucky enough to get a building for rapid intervention training, it will take some extra preparation to create realistic scenarios. Generally speaking, firefighters who need rapid intervention assistance usually fall into the following four categories: They are lost or disoriented, they are entangled, they have fallen through something, or something has fallen on them. And, all of them are running out of air. The last two categories can require extensive extrication and rescue techniques in extreme smoke and fire conditions. Rapid intervention teams have many acronyms: RIT, RIC, FAST Truck, and RIG. Since a true firefighter rescue will incorporate numerous companies, I am going to use the inclusive term RIG, for rapid intervention group.

RIG Drill

The Seattle (WA) Fire Department recently acquired a structure specifically for rapid intervention training. The scenario simulated a roof and ceiling collapse that trapped two firefighters. A low four-foot ceiling was constructed throughout the structure that simulated high-heat conditions and forced firefighters to crawl and crouch throughout this evolution. In the fire room, a trussed ceiling system was constructed in a lean-to collapse configuration. Rescue dummies with full firefighting PPE and SCBA were wedged under the collapse, which would require rescue tools to lift the truss system to free and rescue the dummies. We added an industrial propane heater to increase the interior room temperature and used a smoke machine to create near-zero visibility conditions.

At minimum, a RIG entry team will need a thermal imaging camera, a rescue air kit (RAK), a lead line to mark the path, a rescue tool, high-intensity battle lanterns, and a charged hoseline. That's about all they can realistically carry and maneuver around with in a compromised building with extreme fire conditions. Remember, the primary responsibility for a RIG entry team is to locate and create a path to the down firefighter, give him air, protect in place, and create a rescue plan. Obviously, if the firefighter can be rescued, nothing else needs to be said. But, we wanted this drill to be more than a "grab-and-go" evolution.

A lead line is an important component to RIG operations. It establishes "the bread crumbs" path so when the RIG team calls for additional equipment, firefighters bringing in that equipment can quickly follow the lead line to the forward position of the rescue. The exterior rescue group leader should anticipate and prestage equipment that may be called for. For example, a Stokes litter will inevitably be used somewhere in a down-firefighter evolution. Unconscious, gargantuan firefighters with soaking wet bunker gear can weigh close to 300 pounds. You're going to need a Stokes.

Back to the drill-the interior crew found the down firefighter and im

Richard Marinucci

If you look at the number of events requiring technical rescue-whether a hazmat response, search and rescue, trench rescue, or any other special incidents-and compare this to the cost of preparing for such incidents, it does not make much sense. Statistically, there are not many technical rescue incidents (fortunately for those who require a response), which makes for some challenges convincing those who control the funding.

Another way to put this is to ask the question, "What is a life worth?" Although some may say it is priceless, my boss likes to remind me that we put a price on life all the time through our budgeting process. It is not a conscious decision; I don't think that policymakers view it this way. They mostly look at the amount of money they receive, mostly through taxes, and apportion the funds as they deem most beneficial to their community. Although most preach that public safety is essential, their actions indicate they do have a limit on what they will spend. This is OK, but rarely is it discussed as bluntly as this.

Unique Skills

The response to unique events still requires those who are dispatched to have knowledge and competence. They need tools. They need to stay current and train. From a purely statistical view, it probably does not make sense to fund this preparation for the typically low run volume to be expected. But as we should all know in this business, we cannot operate and prepare purely on a statistical basis. The challenge is to know the benefits and be skilled in explaining why the investment is important.

A community may ask its technical rescue team to prepare for high-angle, rope, trench, ice, swiftwater, dive, industrial or farm machine, collapse, confined space, and hazmat responses. That is a lot of responsibility to do it properly. Further, organizations that prepare for most, if not all, of the items on this list need people, time, and money. A simple cost/benefit analysis would indicate that this is a losing proposition. To many of the bean counters in government, it doesn't make sense to make this investment. And the public expects the fire service to be ready for whatever it might face-even if the incidents are rare.

But, public safety doesn't work that way. Fire service personnel will take whatever they can get and do the best they can. Although this is admirable, it may sometimes create more challenges in that those who control the resources know and understand this and may therefore not adequately provide the needed resources. Then when an emergency occurs, there is an expectation that crews' capabilities will magically appear. This is one reason to continually fight for the needed resources.

Keep Them Informed

Departments must assess the potential for certain types of incidents to occur. Based on their findings, they need to inform the policymakers of the risk and get as much support as possible to prepare for these events. Special rescue scenarios can be very complicated and have specific requirements. There are mandatory Occupational Safety and Health Administration standards and National Fire Protection Association standards that may imply requirements. Regardless, involvement at special incidents requires preparation of personnel to acceptable standards and a cache of equipment related to the duties expected to be performed. Organizations must understand this and make the appropriate investment.

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By Alan M. Petrillo

The types of rescue craft being used range from fireboat-size craft of 30 feet or more down to zodiac-size small boats. The variety of craft being made for water rescue meet the specific needs of the departments that use them.

RIBCRAFT USA

The Boston (MA) Fire Department runs a 30-foot RIBCRAFT rescue boat with twin 250-horsepower Evinrude E-tec outboard motors. Steven Murphy, the Boston Fire Department's marine pilot and dive master, says the department was looking for a boat "that could get from point A to B quickly and safely with eight to 10 divers with gear." Murphy notes the RIBCRAFT has "plenty of room and is rugged enough to withstand storm conditions."

Murphy points out that the RIBCRAFT's low profile to the water makes it easy to deploy divers and retrieve victims or divers with full gear. "In an emergency situation, one pull and the diver is in the boat with all his gear on," Murphy says.

Matthew Velluto, director of business development for RIBCRAFT USA, says RIBCRAFT started operations in Europe in the late 1980s building rescue patrol boats and has been building such craft in the United States for 14 years. "The boats we build are mission and operationally specific," he says. "They are built as a tool for search and rescue for fire departments and for patrol by military and law enforcement agencies."

Velluto notes that in the past several years there has been a growing need for fire departments to address responses on the water, whether it's ocean coastal towns or towns on large lakes or rivers. "They are using them for search and rescue, recovery operations, and vessel assistance," he says. "Those towns on smaller bodies of inland water are doing mostly search and rescue where a durable, stable craft is required."

RIBCRAFT USA offers boats from 14 to 30 feet long. "Our fully inflatable style boat has inflatable floor and sides and comes in the 14- to 16-foot range," Velluto notes. "Our deep-vee fiberglass hull and deck model is designed for surf rescue. It's highly maneuverable and stable in open waters but small enough to launch from a trailer and store in a station bay."

Velluto adds that the 19-foot model is the company's most popular with fire departments because of its versatility. "It's easy to use, has plenty of space on deck for a Stokes or dive team, and is rated for up to 10 people, although most fire departments crew it with three persons."

Lake Assault Boats

Jerry Atherton, founder and director of product development and sales for Lake Assault Boats, says most rescue boats he sells are used for both rescue and fire suppression. "Most of our boats have fire pumps on them, and they make a good fire boat, dive boat, and rescue-and-recovery boat," Atherton says. "The landing-craft-style boats we make are the most popular, typically in the 30- to 32-foot range."

Atherton points out that Lake Assault Boats are being used on many of the