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Posted: May 5, 2014

Internal or External? That Is the Question

Doug Miller

During the past several years, shrinking budgets have forced many fire departments to reconsider how they do business. Every expenditure is viewed under a microscope to make every dollar count and spend limited funds wisely.

Too many departments have had to delay purchasing much-needed apparatus during this time. This can only be put off for so long as aging apparatus may pile up huge repair bills, not be as safe as they should be, or not be the proper tools for the changing mission of your department. If this sounds like your department, then apparatus replacement should be one of the top line items in your budget. But, will you replace an old, worn out pumper with something that has nearly the same layout?

New Apparatus ConsIderations

Consider many factors for the new pumper, including the following:

  • The vehicle's mission: What has changed since the previous truck was built 10, 20, or more years ago?
  • Cab design: How many firefighters are available to ride the new rig?
  • Overall size: Can a smaller unit be just as effective?
  • Pump capacity rating: How much water is really available now and in the future?
  • Compartment size: How much equipment do we need to take along to cover the various missions?

As needs have changed, apparatus manufacturers have responded with many more options for nearly everything apparatus-related. To get more compartment space to carry all the equipment departments need to take along and to keep the overall size of the rig within reason, some areas in truck design have seen much change. Many new options involve pump location, the pump operator's location, and pump drive options.

Recently the Fire Apparatus Manufacturers' Association (FAMA) Technical Committee's Pump and Plumbing subcommittee embarked on a project to research and report the various pump configurations available today. The results will be published later this year as educational document TC024: FAMA Pump Selection Guide. The report will be available at www.fama.org. The goal is to educate, to an awareness level, those responsible for fire apparatus layout and design-i.e., fire truck specification committees and apparatus sales representatives.

As the investigation has evolved, many configurations have been discovered, all with pros and cons. Since space is limited in this article, I have chosen one topic that seems to come up on all pumping apparatus: pump intake valves.

The question is: What is the best choice for your primary pump intake valve when specifying your next apparatus? Let's compare different types of valves used to control water flow into the main (steamer) connections of your pump.

In general, there are two main types of valves: internal and external. The internal valve is an integral component of the pump intake plumbing. The external valve is mounted outside the pump and pump panel. They both perform the same function-controlling incoming water to the pump through one or more of the pump's primary water intakes. Both valve types must have a means to expel air from the hoseline when first charged. This prevents a slug of air from moving through the pump and hoselines to reach the firefighters at the nozzle. Either valve will also incorporate an automatic pressure relief feature to keep unwanted pressure surges in the supply line from impacting the pump, hoselines, and firefighters.

Pros and Cons

Let's look first at internal (integral) intake valves.

Pros include the following:

  • Most can be controlled remotely from the pump operator's po
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Posted: May 5, 2014

Apparatus Purchasing: the Booster Reel

By Bill Adams

What is revered by traditionalists, belittled by progressives, dismissed by many, and misunderstood by most?

It has been around for 140 years and has seen plenty of fire. It has adapted to changes in the fire service, yet its popularity rises and falls like the tide. It's the booster reel. Although this article is specifically directed at today's booster reels carrying 200 feet of one-inch hard rubber hose, the history of the booster reel will allow a better understanding of it.

1957 C85 Mack destined for the FDNY

This factory delivery photo (before graphics) is of a 1957 C85
Mack destined for the FDNY. The rear-facing booster reel became
an FDNY standard for many years. (Photo courtesy of Mack
through Harvey Eckart.)

 

Chemical Hose and Reels

Flexible rubber hose was made possible by vulcanizing, a chemical process patented in 1844 enabling rubber to be formed into specific shapes and sizes. Also in the mid 1800s, Boston, Massachusetts, pharmaceutical professor James Babcock discovered that mixing sulfuric acid and bicarbonate of soda created a gas that could force water through a hose. The ratio of two pounds of soda and one pound of acid to five gallons of water could generate 200 pounds per square inch (psi) of pressure-enough to "boost" the mixture through the line. Early nozzles did not have shutoffs because the original rubber hose could not withstand the pressures generated. According to fire apparatus historian Walt McCall, Babcock chemical engines with ¾-inch noncollapsible rubber hose were introduced in 1873. Storage reels for the rubber hose followed in the 1880s. The Babcock chemical hose thread (CHT) became and still is today the fire service standard for booster hose.

Akron Brass reel

This Akron Brass reel is floor-mounted in the rear compartment of
a flat-back-design pumper. A roll-up door is provided above the
reel, and a hinged drop-down door serves as a rear step. (Photo
courtesy of Akron Brass.)

 

Chemical hose and chemical reels were also known and advertised as booster hose and booster reels. McCall elaborates that Seagrave was the first manufacturer to introduce chemical reels on motorized apparatus around 1910. He says that in 1913, Ahrens Fox introduced the first water tank and hose reel used exclusively with plain water and an onboard fire pump. The Cincinnati (OH) Fire Department received 10 1913 Model D Ahrens Fox Booster Cars with reels vertically mounted beneath the driver's seat. A photo of a similar reel installation is in the late John F. Sytsma's book The Ahrens-Fox Album. Don't ask for it today-it's out of print. Eric Hannay of Hannay Reels says, "Vertically oriented reels tend to have a lot of problems over time-weight of the hose collapsing on the bottom disc, the misappropriation of radial bearings in that axis, and so on." Despite the differences between chemical and plain water systems, the booster description became synonymous for both as well as for the water tank itself.

Akron Brass reel

This photo shows a reel mounted high in the upper section of the
rear step compartment on this Spartan ERV pumper. Room is
provided beneath the reel to store loose equipment. (Photo by
Allan Smith.)

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Posted: May 5, 2014

In the News

SMEAL FIRE APPARATUS CO. announced that RedSky Fire Apparatus LLC has been named the authorized sales and service dealer for Smeal® brand fire apparatus for Arizona and Nevada. "Smeal is committed to leading in high-quality fire apparatus, delivery, and customer experience. RedSky's tenure in this region, and their reputation for exceptional customer service and technical knowledge, make them an excellent choice to grow and expand our distribution and service in this region," says Mark Huber, Smeal's president. RedSky has been in the fire and emergency industry since 2010, specializing in emergency vehicle sales, including fire apparatus and ambulances. The company is led by James Featherstone, lifelong firefighter, former volunteer chief, and fire industry professional for more than 20 years. The professionals at RedSky are experienced firefighters.


MIDWEST FIRE will offer multiplexing on all future tankers and pumper-tankers. "Every new apparatus we produce will have multiplexing capabilities," says newly promoted Kraig Scholten, vice president. "Our products have long been known for their durability and strength. Multiplexing will continue to add value to our new customers in the future. Although this technology is not new, some of the capabilities are. We will be able to offer more options without a lot of added expense." Mutliplexing allows customers to configure lights and perform diagnostics and has proven to be more durable than other wiring alternatives. Scholten says that multiplexing will add not only a layer of customization but also a greater level of serviceability. Midwest Fire also is integrating a new built-in video data recorder (VDR) that meets the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) standards.


STREAMLIGHT®, INC., a provider of flashlights, announced that the company and several of its United States distribution partners recycled nearly 3,500 pounds of rechargeable batteries during the fourth quarter of 2013, with a year-to-date total of more than 10,000 pounds. Streamlight's corporate headquarters in Eagleville, Pennsylvania, recycled just more than 3,000 pounds of nickel cadmium, lithium ion, nickel metal hydride, and small sealed lead acid batteries during the fourth quarter. Participating distributors recycled nearly 500 pounds during the same period. The company and its distributors are partners with Call2Recycle®, the only free rechargeable battery recycling program in North America. The program helps businesses care for the environment through its rechargeable battery collection program. By recycling customers' rechargeable batteries, Streamlight and its participating dealers help prevent the used products from entering the solid waste stream.


PULSETECH PRODUCTS CORP. has restructured a cradle-to-grave battery management program (BMP), originally created for military equipment maintenance, to test, recover, and maintain 12-V batteries for commercial fleet managers in both private and public sectors.

Initially introduced to the military as the "Battery Manager Maintenance Program," PulseTech technicians had developed a mobilization and training equipment site guidebook that included new battery turn-in procedures, battery worksheets, constant charge maintenance, state of charge, types of equipment utilized, and hard-to-charge batteries.

PulseTech management decided to commercialize the program, working with numerous national and regional fleet and equipment maintenance managers to create custom programs that follow a basic six-step outline.

As part of the BMP, fleet and equipment managers employ a series of smart tools, including analytical testers, battery recovery chargers, battery stock maintainers, and th

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Posted: May 5, 2014

Technology's Occasional Downfall

Chris McLoone

In this column I often espouse embracing technology when it will help us be more efficient on the fireground and at the station.

As I write this, we are in the beginning stages of mourning the loss of two Boston (MA) Fire Department members, and technology has played a big part in media coverage of the incident.

Like many, I followed the incident as it unfolded via the Worldwide Web. I visited different social media outlets I know are usually on top of these types of incidents. I also went straight to the source, checking the Web sites for Boston's two major newspapers.

Since I was still at work at the time of the fire, I refrained from listening to the many live audio outlets available via the Internet. So, I relied on different news outlets. From the fire service side of things, there was a tremendous amount of coverage. News of a Mayday being called with two firefighters trapped in the basement spread quickly-especially with the fire quickly escalating to five alarms and ultimately going to nine alarms.

The beauty of the Internet is it connects us all together and allows a story out of Boston to reach the West Coast as well as overseas. The fire service has always been one big family, but online news outlets really help all of us support a department at tragic times. However, this technology, as great as it is, has a very serious downfall.

I would never decry online live audio of these incidents. These feeds are no different than programming a portable scanner to listen to the police or fire. I use live audio feeds all the time when I'm out on business travel to listen to what's going on back home. The difference is that once I turn off the app, I'm not going to hear that audio again-unless it has been recorded and uploaded so anyone can listen to it online.

There are two instances I can think of involving audio that should not have been recorded and uploaded. The first is an incident in Pennsylvania, where a lieutenant was severely burned at a fire when he and another firefighter were searching a dwelling with reported entrapment and were caught in a flashover. I indulged and listened to the audio and had to stop when I heard the trapped lieutenant's screams over the radio. They weren't screams for help. They were screams of what sounded like pure agony to me.

The second fire is the Boston nine-alarmer. Again, I admittedly indulged when I saw a link to audio. I also indulged in January when we lost two Toledo (OH) firefighters. I listen more as a training tool. I listen to the incident commanders and try to take teaching points from the fires back to my own crew. I don't do this to comment on what went wrong or what crews did wrong. I listen to see how command reacts and deploys resources. And to my crew, I reiterate things like the importance of knowing where you are at all times to communicate it to command.

But, the Boston audio is troubling. It includes what may be the last transmission the trapped crew made. It includes audio of a dispatcher working very hard to relay communications from the trapped to command and to reassure the trapped firefighters. This audio is not something to be recorded and made available to millions of people worldwide.

Technology, when used properly and with great thought, is a wonderful thing and has benefitted the fire service in more ways than I can mention. However, as with anything, there is a time and place for its use. A few weeks ago, the use of drones to record video at the scene of an explosion and fire was called into question. To my way of thinking, we ought to be cracking down on uploaded audio of tragic events vs. someone using a drone for video. We should be calling into question the rationale of posting video of firefighters doing chest compressions to revive a down firefighter, which occurred at the Boston fire. These are powerful images; the audio was powerful as well. B

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Posted: May 5, 2014

On the Horizon: Thermal Images in Your SCBA Face Piece

By Chris Mc Loone

Thermal imaging cameras (TICs) have progressed from being large, helmet-mounted units to the handheld devices the fire service uses today. Along the way, the amount of data these devices can capture during a fire has increased, and manufacturers have added more capabilities as the actual TICs have become smaller. Besides always adding new features, the one constant for TICs has been size reduction. The logical progression would be for firefighters to not carry a TIC at all but still have access to the information it provides. HUDstar Systems, Inc., in West Palm Beach, Florida, is one company that has been working on such a product. In this case, the company is developing a TIC that allows a firefighter to see the unit's image inside his face piece.

HUDstar Systems

Serving the fire service since 2001, HUDstar presently manufactures a complete suite of firefighter electronic modules, including pressure transducers, PASS devices, voice amplification systems, push-to-talk communication systems, telemetry systems, and black box dataloggers. Additionally, the company employs certified technicians who handle all warranty service in Florida for two brands of self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

In 2007, HUDstar was awarded a patent for a digital/graphic heads-up display (HUD) mounted inside a firefighter's face piece. This HUD can display information including SCBA bottle remaining pressure, air time remaining, PASS prealarm and alarm status, evacuation commands from an incident commander, and automated personnel accountability report requests. The first fire departments to use face pieces equipped with these HUDs took delivery in 2009.

Since 2009, HUDstar has continued to develop its HUD technology with a high-resolution display and improved optics. As TIC technology has advanced, the company began to look at integrating TIC functions into its HUD technology. Reduced camera size and weight for TICs have made a face-piece-mountable TIC feasible, but the problem has been how to integrate a screen in such a way that firefighters can see the image.

The TIC-HUD system
The TIC-HUD system consists of two components: a TIC module that is mounted on the side of a face piece and a HUD module that is inside the mask (shown). (Photos courtesy of HUDstar Systems, Inc.)

TIC in a Face Piece

According to Tom Kuutti, president of HUDstar Systems, the company solved the problem of how firefighters would see the TIC image by integrating a postage-stamp-size wireless transceiver into a face-piece-mounted TIC module and wirelessly coupling it with HUDstar's high-resolution HUD module inside the mask. The company has United States and international patents pending for the design.

The product is called TIC-HUD. The system consists of two components: a TIC module that is mounted on the side of a face piece and a HUD module that is inside the mask. Among the system's advantages are an always-clear TIC display, since it is inside the face piece, and freeing up firefighters' hands to perform other tasks.

Developing the product has not been without challenges. "Since the TIC module is mounted on the side of the firefighter's face mask, it is important for the design to be small and compact," says Kuutti. "Designing the optics to achieve good image resolution and visibility, size and weight reduction, battery life, and keeping the cost down have been the primary challenges."

According to Kuutti, the TIC module consumes the same amount of power as a firefighter's radio, so a rechargeable battery provides the best tradeoff between weight reduction and battery life. He adds that HUDstar is also devel

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