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Posted: Jun 1, 2018

When PPE and Water Don’t Mix

Carl J. Haddon

Carl J. Haddon

The term personal protective equipment (PPE) should speak for itself. It is designed to protect us from the hazards we face as fire and rescue personnel. Are there times when our PPE puts us in harm’s way? I believe there are. For the sake of this article, the PPE I’ll be referring to is firefighting turnout or bunker gear.

Like many departments across the country, the vast majority of fire department calls (besides emergency medical service) here in our area are motor vehicle crashes. We respond to vehicle accidents like we would respond to any other emergency call. We are “turned out” in full bunker gear, with designated members or riding assignments that will don self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

Our response area consists of roughly 50 miles of mountainous interstate highway that ends on the border with western Montana. Most of that Interstate parallels the Salmon River on one side of the highway and the Beaverhead Mountain Range on the other. We (Idaho) also happen to be a state (at least this part of Idaho) that doesn’t believe too much in the use of guard rails, Armco, or “Jersey” K Rail type concrete barriers along the highways. “They” call it “wild and scenic highway.” We firefighters call it something else, but that is a story for another time and place.

Like many other states with rivers that parallel major interstate highways, our state department of transportation enforces state law that says (paraphrased): Any emergency responder working an incident between the frost line (white highway line on the outer lane edge nearest the river) and the water’s edge must wear a personal flotation device (PFD) at all times. Violations carry a hefty fine for the individual as well as the department he’s working for.

Because of the terrain, our significant vehicle crashes involve one or both of the following scenarios with almost no exceptions: Wrecked vehicles come to rest in or near the water, or wrecked vehicles bounce off of the mountainside and come to rest on the highway or near or in the water. The same scenario holds true for most of our vehicle fires. Regardless, if we don’t have to use our apparatus as a blocker, we are forced to park on the river side of the frost line, requiring us to operate with PFDs on as part of our PPE. How well does bunker gear and a PFD work together?

PFD/Turnout Gear Interaction

PFDs, or life jackets, don’t mix well with turnouts, or SCBA. Even replacing a bunker coat with a life jacket doesn’t really work in a practical sense. I won’t get into the flotation values of various PFDs, but suffice it to say that even a class 5 whitewater rescue life jacket is no match for submerged leather firefighting boots and bunker pants with all of the goodies in our pockets. With or without a life jacket on, how quickly can we get out of our remaining bunker gear (especially with a life jacket on) should we find ourselves in moving water? Is this something that you train on? Should you? Please don’t get me wrong, a life jacket will certainly help to add something to your buoyancy, even with turnouts on, but water—especially swiftly moving river water—and PPE do not mix well.

This issue brings up another hot button topic regarding PPE and firefighter station wear. What about uniform shorts? I’ve heard and had lots of discussion about the pros and cons of departments allowing or not allowing their members to wear uniform sho

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Posted: Jun 1, 2018

Denver (CO) Fire Department Heavy Rescue Trailer


The Denver (CO) Fire Department (DFD) provides fire protection coverage for a population of around 690,000 over 155 square miles divided into seven districts. This fire protection also extends to the residents of Sheridan, Glendale, Skyline, and Englewood.

Arranged in seven battalions with 38 stations, the DFD’s major urban apparatus components consist of 32 engines, nine trucks, eight platforms, one heavy rescue truck, one decontamination rig, one hazmat, and one water rescue truck. The DFD doesn’t use tiller-ladder trucks, and most of their trucks share a common frame, mainly manufactured by Pierce.

1 The Denver (CO) Fire Department technical rescue, known as the “collapse rig,” at Station 1. [Photo courtesy of the Denver (CO) Fire Department.]

1 The Denver (CO) Fire Department technical rescue, known as the “collapse rig,” at Station 1. [Photo courtesy of the Denver (CO) Fire Department.]

The DFD’s Rescue Teams

Chief Phillip Morelli of the DFD Special Operations Division explains the organizational structure of the DFD rescue teams. “The rescue teams consist of high-angle, confined space, trench, structural collapse, water rescue, and hazardous materials rescue,” he says. “Currently Rescue 1 is assigned to all the above rescues. Tower 1 and Engine 1 are assigned to high-angle, confined space, trench, collapse, and water rescue calls. HAMER 1 responds to hazmat and confined space calls. HAMER stands for hazardous materials emergency response. Starting in January 2018, Rescue 2 will be in service with the same capabilities as Rescue 1.” A confined space/collapse rescue rounds out these DFD apparatus.

2 The trailer’s roof aisle showing the nine compartments on top and the rear drop-down ladder at the end of the aisle. (Photo courtesy of Greg Pixley.)

2 The trailer’s roof aisle showing the nine compartments on top and the rear drop-down ladder at the end of the aisle. (Photo courtesy of Greg Pixley.)

The Collapse Rig

A unique vehicle in the DFD apparatus inventory is a 2008 Kenworth T-600 technical rescue semi with custom-built Pierce trailer. According to Captain Greg Pixley, the DFD’s public information officer, it was grant-funded and bought on April 4, 2008 for the Denver Democratic Convention. This apparatus has a gross vehicle weight rating of 61,000 pounds and a length of 46 feet 8 inches.

The DFD calls its Kenworth technical rescue semi the collapse rig but, for a long time, it was referred to by the nickname trench trailer since it was used for trench rescues. However, the need for a building collapse rescue response renamed the rig. This tractor trailer has its own assigned bay with the nameplate “Collapse Rescue” and shares Station 1 with four other apparatus bays: Chief 2, Engin

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Posted: Jun 1, 2018

Making Strides in Women’s PPE

Mark Saner

It wasn’t all that long ago that women couldn’t vote, couldn’t run for office, and couldn’t work the same hours as men.

Now, traditionally male-dominated fields—like firefighting—are seeing more and more women than ever before. According to the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), from 2011 to 2015, women accounted for, on average, nearly five percent of career firefighters.1

As the number of female firefighters continues to grow, however, there is also an increased need for uniforms engineered with women in mind. Historically, workwear manufacturers serving predominantly male industries have focused most of their efforts on men’s clothing. As a result, women have often had to wear oversized, poor-fitting garments that aren’t conducive to the movement required in their jobs. This even extends to safety apparel that must fit correctly to provide proper protection, such as flame-resistant (FR) clothing.

The fire service industry is no exception. In a study conducted by Cornell University’s Institute for Women and Work, researchers interviewed 175 female firefighters in depth and found that 80 percent said they were issued ill-fitting equipment.2

Lara McLean, a lieutenant at the Ketchum (ID) Fire Department, can attest to the problems with this firsthand. Standing at 5 feet 3 inches, McLean’s experiences with finding something to wear in a world of clothing made for men have been, in her words, “absolutely ridiculous.”

“I’ve had to get a lot of my clothes tailored,” says McLean. “The jackets are basically just a big square with holes cut in them for your arms, and they’re long enough to wear as a cocktail dress. They cover up my bunker pants pockets, so I have to do this weird thing to get into them. And, the pants themselves—I guess they must think that if you’re short, you’re also wide, so that’s a whole problem in itself.”

And those are just the basics—safety clothing for firefighters also includes boots, gloves, and face pieces. McLean’s experiences with these have been equally appalling.

“At first, my boots were impossible to walk in,” she says. “I’ve actually left a boot behind a couple of times. And, don’t even get me started on the gloves. I like to think we have separate digits for a reason. There’s so much extra space in the tips that I can’t use my fingers—I can’t even bend them.”

While there’s no question that McLean’s experiences haven’t exactly been ideal, they become even more of a problem when you consider that in a career like firefighting, clothes that don’t fit aren’t just uncomfortable, unattractive, and impractical—they can also compromise safety.

When it comes to protective apparel, clothes that fit right can be the difference between life and death. Safety gear that doesn’t fit well may not adequately protect you from hazards, and it is also more likely to get caught on something, trip you, or accidentally be dragged through dangerous substances.

Things are starting to look up a bit, though. McLean says she thinks some manufacturers have taken significant positive steps to improve women’s safety gear. For instance, FR station wear uniforms designed by women and made specifically for female firefighters are now available. FR station wear that fits well provides an added layer of protection, and certain women’s styles have even been developed using fit models to ensure the most comfortable, size-appropriate, safety-focused fit pos

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Posted: Jun 1, 2018

Fire Suppression Additives


Firefighting water enhancers have been around for a number of years, but recent developments have produced suppressants and additives that are biodegradable and able to be used in a wide range of existing firefighting apparatus and equipment.

These suppressants are being used not only for aerial applications in wildland and urban interface situations but also in ground-based wildland firefighting and in structural applications.

Water Enhancers

Terry Lund, founder of EarthClean Corp. and inventor of TetraKO, says EarthClean’s TetraKO XL-P granulate product is a water enhancer, often called a gel, “that transforms water into a liquid that sticks to vertical and ceiling surfaces and can be pumped through standard fire pumps. Through a dual thickening agent, it manipulates water to the firefighter’s advantage, sticking and staying in the high, hot thermals of 1,500°F to 1,800°F near the ceiling, instead of running down to the ground, resulting in high heat absorption,” he says. Lund notes that in tests, EarthClean has extinguished a fully-involved two-car garage fire with 10 gallons of TetraKO XL-P and water delivered through a standard fire hose nozzle.

1 Firefighters use EarthClean Corp.’s TetraKO XL-P water enhancer to extinguish a two-car garage fire. (Photos 1-3 courtesy of EarthClean Corp.)
2 A helicopter makes a water drop enhanced by TetraKO XL-P.
3 A Fire Boss fixed-wing aircraft drops a load of TetraKO XL-P-enhanced water on a wildland fire.

1 Firefighters use EarthClean Corp.’s TetraKO XL-P water enhancer to extinguish a two-car garage fire. (Photos 1-3 courtesy of EarthClean Corp.) 2 A helicopter makes a water drop enhanced by TetraKO XL-P. 3 A Fire Boss fixed-wing aircraft drops a load of TetraKO XL-P-enhanced water on a wildland fire.

Ron Raley, a spokesperson for PHOS-CHeK, part of ICL Performance Products, notes that the company makes Insul-8 and Aqua Gel K, two products used in both direct suppression and structural or improvement protection. “These products have superior insulating and adhering capabilities and provide a protective thermal barrier to prevent fires from igniting flammable vegetation,” Raley says. “They are effective as long as the water they contain has not evaporated.”

Michael Reger, president of GelTech Solutions Inc., says his company’s product, FireIce, “is a super-absorbent polymer that’s environmentally friendly and nontoxic with good adhesion properties. It binds with water molecules without a phase change, so it does not create steam, and it rapidly cools, looking like applesauce but blocking oxygen from the fuel.” Reger points out that FireIce is

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Posted: Jun 1, 2018

Fire Apparatus and Other Emergency Vehicle Modifications

Christian P. Koop

Christian P. Koop

There is no question that necessity is the mother of invention. Modifying emergency response vehicles (ERVs) is closely related to this ancient factual statement.

In my 35 years of being involved with maintaining and repairing fire and rescue apparatus, modifications to the equipment were required many times to keep the units safe and operational. Now there are several categories that these modifications can fall into. The simplest is just mounting new tools and equipment or simply mounting loose equipment for the sake of safety. Today there are a number of companies that provide specialty mounts for just about anything carried on ERVs. Second is installing electronic gear such as radios, laptop computers, thermal imaging cameras, and a host of other electronic equipment being installed as upgrades or new equipment to keep up with new technologies. The third category involves correcting a system or part that is either failing prematurely or one that never worked properly since the vehicle was purchased or placed into service. Some of these issues can be incipient and don’t rear their ugly heads until the warranty has expired or even years later.

Some of these issues can be corrected through the warranty, but with others, unfortunately, either the dealer or manufacturer flat out refuses to repair or is not able to. There are a number of reasons manufacturers will not become involved. Sometimes it may be because the equipment’s specifications were technical vs. performance type. Other times, it may be because preventive maintenance was not done according to schedule or there was abuse involved so either the dealer or manufacturer won’t agree to cover repairs. Whatever the case may have been, the following are examples of some of the numerous modifications performed over the years at the shop I managed for Miami-Dade County, Florida. The main reason I am writing about these modifications is to provide insight into the reasons they were done with the hope that they can help others in similar circumstances. As I have mentioned in past articles, history seems to repeat itself—even when it comes to ERV service and repair—and usually not in a good way. With each case, I will give background information to give the reader the greatest insight possible.

Short Alternator Life

In the early 1980s, the Miami-Dade (FL) Fire Department had a fleet of Ford E-350 type III rescue trucks with 460 gasoline engines. The main problem that kept reoccurring was very short alternator life. They were equipped with 160-amp alternators, and the internal bridge rectifiers (converts AC to DC voltage) were failing because of extreme heat. It was so bad that the solder holding the diodes in the rectifier would melt. Some of the hard run units had alternators failing almost daily. The fix was to remove the internal bridge rectifiers and install an external unit. The external diode pack was mounted behind the grille where the adequate air flow kept the diodes cool. The entire fleet was retrofitted, and this major headache went away. Subsequent new replacement fleet units were specified from the factory with a 200-amp alternator and with the external diode pack. Today some alternator manufacturers offer their own versions of the externally mounted diode pack.

Brake Life Issues

Between 1982 and 1983, the fire department purchased $27,000,000 worth of fire apparatus, aerials, and specialty units. Included were s

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