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Posted: May 1, 2019

Fire Apparatus Rollovers, Part 4

 

We’ve spent the past three articles discussing the fact that if a fire apparatus operator places too much lateral g-force on the vehicle, it will cause a rollover. The reason we have spent so much time on this topic is because rollovers are one of the most common types of fire apparatus crashes. Therefore, a thorough understanding of lateral g-force should be a key part of any fire department crash prevention program.

One of the many ways that lateral g-force can contribute to a rollover crash is by inducing a “weight shift.” It is common to hear driver trainers and crash investigators refer to “weight shift.” But what is “weight shift,” and why is it bad? Understanding why a vehicle’s weight will shift while rounding a curve, attempting an evasive maneuver, or any other time the driver turns the wheel is an important training concept that every fire apparatus operator must understand.

When a vehicle rounds a curve or makes an evasive maneuver, lateral g-force will cause the vehicle’s weight to shift toward the outside of the curve. This is because a vehicle rides on a suspension system, which is supported by springs, shocks, and rubber tires. When lateral g-force “pushes” against the vehicle, it will cause the vehicle to lean to one side as the vehicle settles into the suspension system. As the vehicle leans, the center of gravity will shift toward the outside of the curve. The shifting center of gravity will reduce the vehicle’s track width on that side and cause a reduction in the vehicle’s rollover threshold (see “Fire Apparatus Rollovers, Part 1” in the January 2019 issue). By reducing the vehicle’s rollover threshold, it will take less lateral g-force to roll the vehicle over. This is the reason lateral g-force is evil. Not only will it cause a fire apparatus to roll over, but it will actively reduce the vehicle’s rollover threshold and make it easier to do so.

1 As the fire apparatus rounds the curve, lateral g-force will start to “push” on the vehicle. This will cause the body of the vehicle to shift toward the outside of the curve. (Photo by author.)

In addition to causing the body of the vehicle to shift on its suspension, lateral g-force will cause the liquid in the water tank to surge in one direction or another. Just as the body of the vehicle leans, or “pushes out,” as the vehicle rounds a curve, so will the water inside the tank. This phenomenon is known as “liquid surge” or “slosh.” As the fire apparatus rounds a curve, inertia will cause the water in the tank to try and continue traveling in a straight line. However, because the water is confined inside the tank, it has nowhere to go. Instead, the water pushes up against the inside of the water tank and, in a partially loaded tank, the water will ride up the inside wall of the tank. This sloshing or surging effect of the water can cause the vehicle’s center of gravity to shift back and forth on the vehicle’s suspension system. This shifting center of gravity can significantly reduce the rollover threshold of the vehicle, thus reducing the stability of the vehicle.

To help prevent this liquid slosh, the National Fire Protection Association requires all fire apparatus water tanks to have baffles. Tank baffles help to absorb the energy created by the sloshing liquid and reduce the force of the water pushing on the inside of the tank. By reduc

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Posted: May 1, 2019

What’s Next for Firefighter Personal Protective Equipment?

 

The past several years have seen improvements, large and small, in structural personal protective equipment (PPE). Structural turnout gear manufacturers say they see structural PPE continuing to change, improve, and be modified to become more adaptive to firefighters’ needs yet still provide them with maximum protection.

Karen Lehtonen, vice president of innovation and product development for Lion, says Lion “is always looking at more flexible and comfortable turnout gear, using the philosophy of having the gear work with the firefighter and not against you. We produce gear that provides comfort, safety, and mobility balanced with National Fire Protection Association 1851, Standard on Selection, Care, and Maintenance of Protective Ensembles for Structural Fire Fighting and Proximity Fire Fighting, requirements and durability.”

Lion’s turnout gear blocks particulate contamination in the coat/pant interface area through Core Guard, an elastic from the coat that overlaps the top of the pant when closed. Courtesy of Lion.

1 Lion’s turnout gear blocks particulate contamination in the coat/pant interface area through Core Guard, an elastic from the coat that overlaps the top of the pant when closed. (Photos 1-3 courtesy of Lion.)

Lion uses a layer of Nomex® Nano Flex fabric in conjunction with Lion’s moisture barrier in the bottom of the pant to go over the boot.

2 Lion uses a layer of Nomex® Nano Flex fabric in conjunction with Lion’s moisture barrier in the bottom of the pant to go over the boot.

At the wristlet, Lion uses a layer of Nano Flex with its moisture barrier to block particulate contamination.

3 At the wristlet, Lion uses a layer of Nano Flex with its moisture barrier to block particulate contamination.

Fire-Dex combines advanced ergonomics with a new material, TECGEN 71, to provide higher levels of thermal protection and lower weight that reduces heat stress. (Photos 4 and 5 courtesy of Fire-Dex.)

4 Fire-Dex combines advanced ergonomics with a new material, TECGEN 71, to provide higher levels of thermal protection and lower weight that reduces heat stress. (Photos 4 and 5 courtesy of Fire-Dex.)

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Posted: May 1, 2019

Sutphen Rear-Mount Aerial Fire Apparatus

 
Apparatus ideas | BOB VACCARO
 

The Sutphen family has been building fire apparatus since 1890. Over the past 129 years, the company has built a complete line of pumpers and aerials. All have been built with various company options and innovations.

BOB VACCARO

One type of apparatus the company had not been building was the 75-foot rear-mount quint on a single rear axle. Although this type of apparatus has been around for many years with several manufacturers, it has become increasingly popular among fire departments around the country because of decreasing staffing and wanting to do more with less. So at FDIC International 2016, Sutphen formally rolled out its version of this popular aerial.

A DOWNSIZING CUSTOMER

A great deal of repeat customers, and also new ones, seemed to be interested. One of those repeat customers was the Dormont (PA) Fire Department, a combination fire department located in one of the suburbs of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. According to Matthew Davis, chief of department, “We had been a Sutphen customer for quite some time and were pleased with their vehicles. We began looking to downsize our department’s apparatus. We had a 1995 Sutphen midmount quint and wanted a smaller unit. We wanted to combine a pumper and our midmount quint, primarily because of low [staffing] issues.” This would be the department’s fourth Sutphen.

The department also wanted to have a new unit that would be easier to drive and more maneuverable around its district’s tight streets, which have parking on both sides.


The Dormont (PA) Fire Department’s Sutphen Monarch Pumper, one of the first of Sutphen’s new 75-foot rear-mount aerials. [Photos courtesy of the Dormont (PA) Fire Department.]

1 The Dormont (PA) Fire Department’s Sutphen Monarch Pumper, one of the first of Sutphen’s new 75-foot rear-mount aerials. [Photos courtesy of the Dormont (PA) Fire Department.]

The truck’s officer-side compartments hold extinguishers, portable lighting, hand lamps, forcible entry tools, and saws.

2 The t

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Posted: May 1, 2019

Where Firefighters Can't Use Thermal Imaging Cameras (TICs)

 
Thermal Imaging | Manfred Kihn
 

I love asking firefighters if they use their thermal imaging cameras (TICs) on every call and seeing their reactions!

Carl Nix

I recently had an opportunity to meet with a deputy chief, a chief training officer, and a training officer and asked them if their firefighters use TICs on every call. All three looked at each other and said, “NO!” I asked them if their TICs were used for size-up, and again I received a “NO!” I asked, how about when making initial entry for suppression and victim search and rescue? You guessed it! “NO!” I finally just asked, when did they use their TICs? The answer? “For overhaul!”

To summarize, this extremely valuable technology tool is just sitting in the apparatus while the firefighters are doing all the hard work! I’m thinking that this technology is being underutilized. What are you thinking?

Here’s a recent example. I was at a fire station when crews were called out. They arrived on scene within a few minutes, and after about five minutes the officer called on the radio for someone to bring the TIC off the engine. With technology in thermal imaging evolving so rapidly, TICs have dropped from approximately 6.5 pounds to 1.5 pounds and have come down in price considerably. There should be no excuse for someone on your crew not to be carrying the TIC. Just like your radios, flashlights, or halligan bar, your TIC is an extremely useful and critical tool—if you remember to carry it with you!

A TIC can be used for the following: search and rescue, electrical emergencies, wildland firefighting, safety officer, explosions, scene assessment, overhaul, motor vehicle incidents, fire attack, aircraft emergencies, size-up, law enforcement, hazmat, ventilation, water rescue, line placement, confined space, rehabilitation, overheated machinery, training, accountability, EMS, incident command, building construction, fire/arson investigations, RIT, fire prevention, and aerial operations.

If you are in doubt about using a TIC, my best advice is to just start using it. The more you use it, the more proficient you will become. For example, use your TIC during fire prevention inspections for electrical panels, overheated breakers, buried electrical cords, and so on. Also, think about using your TIC for EMS calls, including patient assessment for frostbite, hypothermia, water rescue, and mass casualty triage such as a bus incident or determining how many occupants were in a vehicle rollover.

Training instructors monitoring the safety of their students and even recording the event for a later playback are a perfect example of where your TIC can be used. Think about using your TIC for overheated machinery incidents, which may include motors, bearings, and conveyors. How many times have you received a call about a missing person or your local police department has reached out to you for help when searching for a young child who is lost or an Alzheimer’s patient who has wandered away from his home? A TIC is your greatest tool for search and rescue calls. Here’s another scenario that most firefighters don’t think about: Take your TIC up into the basket of the aerial to see what you are doing through the thick, smoky conditions while also

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Posted: May 1, 2019

Rear Chevrons on Fire Apparatus

 
keeping it safe | Robert Tutterow
 

The 2019 FDSOA Apparatus Specifications & Maintenance Symposium was once again a highly informative event to learn about the latest features, products, and changes in the fire apparatus industry.

Robert Tutterow

One of the key presentations was an update on the proposed changes to National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 1901, Standard for Automotive Fire Apparatus. Several members of the audience were dumbfounded when they learned that one of the proposed changes was to allow fire departments to choose their own colors for the chevron striping on the back of apparatus.

Sadly, this is an initiative driven by the fire service, hopefully a vocal minority. Why would the manufacturers care? They would prefer to carry fewer colors in their inventory and not have to invest time in customizing each striping requirement, a cost that is not absorbed but passed on to the customer. The current requirements for chevron striping state, “Each stripe in the chevron shall be a single color alternating between red and either yellow, fluorescent yellow, or fluorescent yellow-green.”

What was the reason for the chevron requirement that became part of the standard 10 years ago? Safety for the firefighters working at the scene and to minimize the risk of the apparatus being struck from the rear. Has this requirement worked? There is no data system that captures such information, but there is plenty of history that shows it does. The European fire service has decades of history, not just one decade like in the United States. Obviously, the standard does not guarantee a firefighter or fire apparatus will not be struck, but it reduces the probability and indicates the fire department’s commitment to safety.

Ten years ago, roadway safety was becoming a big issue, and the forward thinkers realized that fire apparatus need to be as visible as possible. On reflection, those forward thinkers were absolutely correct about the dangers of operating on roadways, and their approach was sound. They realized that visibility is not just for nighttime but for daylight, dawn, and dusk. A key selling point on the idea was a photo taken from an overpass of a Plano (TX) Fire Department rig at a multilane incident several hundred feet away. It was a bright, sunny day, and the rigs were most conspicuous because of the fluorescent yellow and red chevrons.

Moreover, the forward thinkers were aware of the Manual for Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD). This manual contains a section on temporary traffic control (TTC). Although the MUTCD does not prescribe specific requirements for fire apparatus, it states: “Traffic control devices shall be defined as all signs, signals, markings, and other devices used to regulate, warn, or guide road users, placed on, over, or adjacent to a street, highway, private roads open to public travel.”

“The basic safety principles governing the design of permanent roadways and roadsides should also govern the design of TTC zones. The goal should be to route road users through such zones using

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