By Bill Adams

Decades ago when responding as a white coat, I noticed that the headlights on many apparatus washed out the rigs’ lower warning and directional lights (turn signals)-especially at night and more so when the headlights were flashing. It still happens today. This is my personal take on forward-facing lower-level warning lights.

The January 17, 1912, edition of the San Francisco Call reported that city’s first motorized apparatus was placed in service that day. Describing its features, the paper noted, “The equipment also includes electric side lights and a large searchlight for night service.” Side lights, mounted on each side of the engine cowl, replaced Dietz-style kerosene lanterns. In 1924, American LaFrance rebuilt an accident-damaged 1920 chemical and hose car delivered to Ferndale, Michigan. Factory paperwork indicates steady burning side lights were added and wired into the taillight circuit (photos 1 and 2). Side lights were common well into the 1930s. Ask apparatus historians or light manufacturers who coined the terminology warning lights, who started using flashing lights, and who invented the first mechanically moving light.

Red side lights on a 1924 rebuild by American LaFrance. Equipped with dull red lenses, they probably were to identify the vehicle as a fire truck. It is unknown when manufacturers started to make them flash and call them warning lights. (Photos by author unless otherwise noted.)

Some purchasers consider warning lights a necessary evil required by National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 1901, Standard for Automotive Fire Apparatus. Others believe only the brightest lights in the western hemisphere capable of causing severe optical damage are worthy of being mounted on their apparatus. I find it humorous and sad that firefighters at trade shows will stand three feet from an exhibitor’s illuminated light display and make a multi-thousand-dollar purchasing decision based on the degree of temporary blindness suffered. Ask those same firefighters what they expect each light to accomplish in the field, and you might receive blank stares.

Beacon-ray, rotoray, figure 8, crossfire, and oscilaser are used generically to describe lights similar to trademarked products by Federal Signal, Whelen, Tripp-Lite, Code 3, and Mars. Strobe lights and lens colors are volatile topics left for another discussion.

Cab Fascia Light Configurations

Most custom cab manufacturers (OEMs) advertise a standard configuration of a side-by-side turn signal and warning light mounted immediately above dual headlights. Notable exceptions are the Pierce Quantum and the Sutphen Monarch. A half-dozen rigs delivered from 1991 to 2014 have only seven to 10 inches center-to-center between the rows of lights. That’s not much. Little has changed in cab fascia light configurations in more than 20 years. This isn’t a criticism of OEMs. The arrangement is probably inexpensive to supply. For a price,

Tom Bowman

The Similarities Between Turnout Gear and Bulletproof Vests

It’s a common staple of film and TV that firefighters and police officers are enemies. Watch any sitcom, and you will eventually see representatives of the two battling it out for supremacy, usually through pranks and childish one-upmanship.

In reality, nothing could be further from the truth. The two may perhaps share a friendly rivalry, but you only have to see news reports of disasters anywhere to see the bravest members of society working together to save lives and restore order. The parallels between firefighters and law enforcement officers are numerous: Both are undoubtedly brave and heroic, putting themselves in danger to protect communities, and both require very specialized equipment to do so. For the police, it is bulletproof vests. For the fire service, it’s turnout gear. But how similar is their gear, and how can one improve the other?

What to Protect Against

The threats a law enforcement officer faces may be vastly different from those a firefighter faces. Police officers are given and encouraged to wear bulletproof vests, in recognition of the main threat they will face: guns. The main cause of homicides among police officers is firearms, specifically handguns. This is the reason officers are given vests specifically designed to protect against smaller-caliber bullets. The Kevlar® usually used in these vests is an incredibly strong fiber, woven together in many layers to create a “web,” which displaces the energy of a bullet across the vest, slowing it down to a stop before it can penetrate the armor. This is the same principle as the vests designed to prevent attacks with edged or stabbing weapons. While law enforcement faces numerous threats on a day-to-day basis, a bulletproof vest has shown to be crucial in preventing deaths. For firefighters, however, there are also sadly a great many causes of death, as the U.S. Fire Administration shows us, and this is the reason turnout gear for firefighters must protect against nearly any threat imaginable.

The Biggest Danger

Of course, the biggest danger for firefighters comes from fire-more specifically, heat. Turnout gear has to be designed to withstand extremely high temperatures first and foremost, as well as the many problems they cause. Both turnout gear and body armor are largely made from the same materials: aramids. Aramids are aromatic polyamides-strong, heat-resistant synthetic fibers. Their heat-resistant properties make them very well suited to be woven into fabric for turnout gear. These aramids retain their integrity at high temperatures; have very low flammability; and, most importantly, don’t melt or degrade, even at temperatures of more than 840°F. DuPont, the manufacturer of Kevlar, produces a material called Nomex®, which is most commonly found in turnout gear and is an example of an aramid. This is where turnout gear starts to differentiate itself from body armor, which uses para-aramids with a much higher strength-to-weight ratio, at the expense of some heat/flame resistance. The most common example of this is Kevlar, a name synonymous with bulletproof vests. Some manufacturers use Dyneema, which is a plastic-based substance with an equally high strength-to-weight ratio but with significantly lower upper t

By Gary Morris

This past June, the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) approved the release of its second edition of a ground ambulance vehicle standard known as NFPA 1917, Standard for Automotive Ambulances.

The standard is expected to substantially increase safety and survival of emergency medical services (EMS) personnel as well as the patients involved in ambulance crashes. Additionally, as a result of the standards-setting work by the NFPA, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) were able to secure funding to conduct crash testing and other safety-related research regarding ambulance vehicle safety and survivability that was inserted into the second edition.

Origin

Over the decade leading to the NFPA’s entry into an ambulance standard development, there had been considerable discussion about the safety of ambulance vehicles used by both private EMS transport companies and fire departments. Studies of crashes involving ambulances showed that the rate of injuries and fatalities was greater than what was experienced in crashes involving police vehicles. More disturbing, if an EMS professional was riding in the patient compartment at the time of a crash, he would be 2.7 times more likely to be killed than the occupants of the ambulance vehicle cab. Over a 10-year study period, 350 fatalities were reported along with 23,000 injuries (involving EMS personnel and patients).1 Media coverage often showed an ambulance with a patient compartment sheared off the vehicle frame or simply “exploded” during the collision. Little crash testing had occurred that would have led to improved vehicle safety.

In late 2008, with no other organization actively pursuing improvements in ambulance vehicle safety, the Safety, Health, and Survival Section of the International Association of Fire Chiefs (IAFC) stepped up to the plate, seeking a better safety standard for ambulance vehicle designs. The IAFC agreed and called on the NFPA to develop a performance standard for ambulance vehicles. The NFPA was selected for its international reputation and decades-long history at producing high-quality standards while strictly adhering to the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) standard development criteria. The NFPA also had decades of experience developing standards for fire apparatus as well as other EMS-related standards, which brought an elevated level of expertise to developing an ambulance standard.

Note that ANSI’s “essential requirements” document is internationally recognized as the premium guideline for developing standards. The key element in the document is due process, which ensures standards are developed in an environment that is equitable, accessible, and responsive to the requirements of various stakeholders. This ensures there is an equitable balance in stakeholder groups so that no one group can unfairly dominate an outcome.

For more than four decades, the EMS transport industry and fire departments have used the federal Government Services Administration (GSA) purchase specification, known as “KKK-A-1822 F,” as an ambulance design document. This specification became the “de facto” unofficial vehicle design “standard” for many EMS transport organizations. The problem was, little scientific research had been conducted to justify the specifications, and there was no crash-worthiness testing of the cab or patient compartment.

Early Meetings

The NFPA 1917 technical committee first met at NFPA headquarters in June 2009 to begin work on the first edition of the standard. In accordance with ANSI requirements, the 33 members of the committee represented a broad spectrum of EMS organizations in America.

Chris Mc Loone

The 2015 F.I.E.R.O. Station Design Symposium just wrapped and, as usual, the 21⁄2-day event brought together architects, end users, and consultants to provide information to those who are considering a brand new station or modifying a current one.

As I listened to architects and end users, certain themes kept repeating: be specific; be clear; and plan, plan, plan. It struck me how close specifying a station is to specifying a fire apparatus.

“Apparatus Purchasing” author Bill Adams often says that if it’s not in the specs, it doesn’t exist. And if you are not specific about where you want something, an apparatus builder will place it where it thinks it makes the most sense or where it fits, which is the same for an architect-if you’re not specific, the architect will do something the way he thinks it should be done. And, just like taking delivery of a fire truck, the ribbon cutting for the new station is not the time to discover a glaring error like a front apron that is too steep.

Enough cannot be said about the role a fire station plays in our health and safety. Cancer has understandably been receiving a lot of attention lately as firefighters continue to develop it at an alarming rate. In more than one session, a speaker would mention how we hear stories every day about firefighters who devote 30 years to their departments, retire, but pass away just a few years later because of job-related cancer. Just getting our PPE off the apparatus floor can reduce our chances of contracting certain cancers attributable to diesel exhaust exposure. But, don’t stop there. Getting as much of the exhaust out of the firehouse as possible is the next step. It’s very true that when you start an apparatus today, you don’t get the same black exhaust you used to. But, that doesn’t mean you shouldn’t look for ways to limit your exposure to anything that is coming out of that exhaust pipe.

Many people hear the words “station design” and might think about its physical appearance on the outside, the furniture, and fancy accoutrements. But, it goes beyond that. It’s about spec’ing out a facility that is practical, safe, built with expansion in mind, and that flows. Firefighters who have to make 14 turns to get from the bunk area to the apparatus floor are on duty at a station that does not feature response efficiency.

I had the opportunity to visit a newly constructed station recently. The advantages a new station brings are obvious: more space, modern amenities, ADA compliance, brand new furnishings, state-of-the-art technology, built-in training elements, and so on. There was plenty of parking, and the interior of the station was split logically between the career personnel for the fire department-fire administrator and fire marshal-and the volunteer fire company side. The station features training props on site, a modern radio room, its own compressor for refilling self-contained breathing apparatus cylinders, and a modern meeting room. The station is well-thought-out.

My station is a legacy station, built in 1927, with additions from the 1960s and 1970s. It stands on the location of the original station, a one-story, two-bay structure resembling a detached garage at someone’s house more than a fire station. The current station’s first addition is one story and features two bays. The second addition was built to the rear of the original building and first addition and is also one story. Having written the fire company’s history for our 100th anniversary in

By Alan M. Petrillo

The Mesa (AZ) Fire and Medical Department is having success with an emergency medical services (EMS) program that keeps low-acuity patients out of hospital emergency departments (EDs) and directs them to a more appropriate level of care for their particular situation through its Community Care Concept.

The Program

Tony Lo Giudice, Mesa’s program administrator, says the project is a result of a $12.5 million federal grant from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services to test a model that offers comprehensive delivery systems to address the impact of chronic disease, falls prevention, self-management skills, and medication adherence. “The idea is to reduce high-risk patient returns post-discharge from hospitals and treat and divert low-acuity patients from the use of the 911 systems and the ED,” Lo Giudice says. “We had a perfect storm over a five-year period where overcrowding of the EDs was tying up a lot of our paramedics at the hospitals. Working with our fire department, we came up with the concept of pairing a paramedic with a physician’s assistant (PA) or nurse practitioner (NP) to streamline the process of getting the patient to the hospital.”

When the economy crashed in 2007, Lo Giudice says that Mesa went to a transitional response vehicle (TRV) program that staffed a vehicle with a firefighter paramedic and emergency medical technician (EMT) to handle basic life support medical services calls. “Low-urgency calls were coming into the 911 system-people with colds, the flu, and minor trauma-that we were sending to the hospital, which was an expensive way to treat them by sending a fire truck with four firefighters,” he says. “We wanted to make the system more efficient and improve the service to the patients, which bred the idea of our Community Care Concept.”

The Mesa (AZ) Fire and Medical Department runs five Community Care Unit (CCU) ambulances that are built on Dodge 4500 chassis with Medtech bodies and powered by Cummins 8.3-liter diesel engines. Two of the CCU ambulances are bariatric units. [Photos courtesy of the Mesa (AZ) Fire and Medical Department.]

The program takes a firefighter-paramedic and an NP or PA and puts them on a rig to handle low-acuity medical calls that come into the 911 system, which amounts to about 38 percent of Mesa’s low-acuity runs, Lo Giudice says. “We partnered with Mountain Vista Medical Center to provide the NP or PA to ride the truck.”

The Community Care Unit (CCU) ran on a 40-hour-per-week basis from the end of 2011, but Mesa identified another issue: Behavioral-related calls (suicides and mental health problems) were cropping up that the CCU was not equipped to handle. “We came up with the idea to pair a licensed mental health counselor with a firefighter-paramedic in a separate vehicle, a community care specialist (CCS) unit, to deal with those kinds of calls,” Lo Giudice says. “The patient got a basic medical evaluation by the paramedic and a mental health evaluation from the licensed counselor. Most of the time we were able to bypass the ED and go to a mental health facility or do safety reviews of patients at their homes.”

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